Simon Bolivars Crossing of the Andes

In 1819, the War of Independence in Northern South America was locked in a stalemate. Venezuela was exhausted from a decade of war, and patriot and royalist warlords had fought each other to a standstill. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the dashing Liberator, conceived of a brilliant yet seemingly suicidal plan: he would take his 2,000 man army, cross the mighty Andes, and hit the Spanish where they were least expecting it: in neighboring New Granada (Colombia), where a small Spanish army held the region unopposed. His epic crossing of the frozen Andes would prove to be the most genius of his many daring actions during the war. Venezuela in 1819 Venezuela had borne the brunt of the War of Independence. Home of the failed First and Second Venezuelan Republics, the nation had suffered greatly from Spanish reprisals. By 1819 Venezuela was in ruins from the constant warring. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the Great Liberator, had an army of some 2,000 men, and other patriots like Josà © Antonio Pà ¡ez also had small armies, but they were scattered and even together lacked the strength to deliver a knockout blow to Spanish General Morillo and his royalist armies. In May, Bolà ­vars army was camped near the llanos or great plains, and he decided to do what the royalists least expected. New Granada (Colombia) in 1819 Unlike war-weary Venezuela, New Granada was ready for revolution. The Spanish were in control but deeply resented by the people. For years, they had been forcing the men into armies, extracting â€Å"loans† from the wealthy and oppressing the Creoles, afraid they might revolt. Most of the royalist forces were in Venezuela under the command of General Morillo: in New Granada, there were some 10,000, but they were spread out from the Caribbean to Ecuador. The largest single force was an army of some 3,000 commanded by General Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro. If Bolà ­var could get his army there, he could deal the Spanish a mortal blow. The Council of Setenta On May 23, Bolà ­var called his officers to meet in a ruined hut in the abandoned village of Setenta. Many of his most trusted captains were there, including James Rooke, Carlos Soublette and Josà © Antonio Anzoà ¡tegui. There were no seats: the men sat on the bleached skulls of dead cattle. At this meeting, Bolà ­var told them of his daring plan to attack New Granada, but he lied to them about the route he would take, fearing they would not follow if they knew the truth. Bolà ­var intended to cross the flooded plains and then cross the Andes at the Pà ¡ramo de Pisba pass: the highest of three possible entries into New Granada. Crossing the Flooded Plains Bolà ­var’s army then numbered some 2,400 men, with less than one thousand women and followers. The first obstacle was the Arauca River, upon which they traveled for eight days by raft and canoe, mostly in the pouring rain. Then they reached the plains of Casanare, which were flooded by the rains. Men waded in water up to their waists, as thick fog obscured their vision: torrential rains drenched them daily. Where there was no water there was mud: the men were plagued by parasites and leeches. The only highlight during this time was meeting up with a patriot army of some 1,200 men led by Francisco de Paula Santander. Crossing the Andes As the plains gave way to the hilly jungle, Bolà ­var’s intentions became clear: the army, drenched, battered and hungry, would have to cross the frigid Andes Mountains. Bolà ­var had selected the pass at Pà ¡ramo de Pisba for the simple reason that the Spanish did not have defenders or scouts there: no one thought an army could possibly cross it. The pass peaks at 13,000 feet (almost 4,000 meters). Some deserted: Josà © Antonio Pà ¡ez, one of Bolà ­vars top commanders, tried to mutiny and eventually left with most of the cavalry. Bolà ­vars leadership held, however, because many of his captains swore they would follow him anywhere. Untold Suffering The crossing was brutal. Some of Bolà ­var’s soldiers were barely-dressed Indians who quickly succumbed to exposure. The Albion Legion, a unit of foreign (mostly British and Irish) mercenaries, suffered greatly from altitude sickness and many even died from it. There was no wood in the barren highlands: they were fed raw meat. Before long, all of the horses and pack animals had been slaughtered for food. The wind whipped them, and hail and snow were frequent. By the time they crossed the pass and descended into New Granada, some 2,000 men and women had perished. Arrival in New Granada On July 6, 1819, the withered survivors of the march entered the village of Socha, many of them half-naked and barefoot. They begged food and clothing from the locals. There was no time to waste: Bolà ­var had paid a high cost for the element of surprise and had no intention of wasting it. He swiftly refitted the army, recruited hundreds of new soldiers and made plans for an invasion of Bogota. His greatest obstacle was General Barreiro, stationed with his 3,000 men at Tunja, between Bolà ­var and Bogota. On July 25, the forces met at the Battle of Vargas Swamp, which resulted in an indecisive victory for Bolà ­var. The Battle of Boyacà ¡ Bolà ­var knew that he had to destroy Barreiros army before it reached Bogota, where reinforcements could reach it. On August 7, the royalist army was divided as it crossed the Boyaca River: the advance guard was in front, across the bridge, and the artillery was far to the rear. Bolivar swiftly ordered an attack. Santanders cavalry cut off the advance guard (which were the best soldiers in the royalist army), trapping them on the other side of the river, while Bolà ­var and Anzoà ¡tegui decimated the main body of the Spanish force. Legacy of Bolà ­var’s Crossing of the Andes The battle lasted only two hours: at least two hundred royalists were killed and another 1,600 were captured, including Barreiro and his senior officers. On the patriot side, there were only 13 killed and 53 wounded. The Battle of Boyacà ¡ was a tremendous, one-sided victory for Bolà ­var who marched unopposed into Bogota: the Viceroy had fled so swiftly that he left money in the treasury. New Granada was free, and with money, weapons, and recruits, Venezuela soon followed, allowing Bolà ­var to eventually move south and attack Spanish forces in Ecuador and Peru. The epic crossing of the Andes is Simà ³n Bolà ­var in a nutshell: he was a brilliant, dedicated, ruthless man who would do whatever it took to free his homeland. Crossing flooded plains and rivers before going over a frigid mountain pass over some of the bleakest terrain on earth was absolute madness. No one thought Bolà ­var could pull off such a thing, which made it all the more unexpected. Still, it cost him 2,000 loyal lives: many commanders would not have paid that price for victory. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Hispanic Cultural Assessment - 1387 Words

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Effects Of Depression Among College Students - 847 Words

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Chrysler LLC Failure free essay sample

LLC is a car company that has been struggling for many years to not be an underdog in the car manufacturing game. They have never been able to really beat out GM in profits or percentage in the market. By 2009, when they filed bankruptcy, there had been quite a few lows and a couple ups. There were many things that went wrong throughout the years to create those lows with an end result of bankruptcy and being bought out. One of the major causes was leadership anagement along with a poorly constructed organizational structure. When dealing with leadership management, one needs to look at how well of a leader to their organization is the management. Do they have the organizations best interests or are they at it for personal gain. Do they understand what the employees are willing to take on, and are they paying attention to what the consumer wants? According to Yukl (2010) there were a couple major studies done on leadership and behavior in the 1950s by Ohio State and Michigan. We will write a custom essay sample on Chrysler LLC Failure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ohio States studies led to a couple major ategories of behaviors of leaders. One was consideration while the other was initiating structure (Yukl, 2010). Consideration involves leader concern for people and interpersonal relationships (Yukl, 2010, p. 55). When Dailmer bought Chrysler LLC in 1998, they could have used more consideration in their management techniques because they lost quite a few good key managers; plus they put their dealers and dealerships in disarray with the public due to the executives and their policies (Wallace, 2009). Michigans studies created three leadership behavior styles ncluding relations-oriented behavior (Yukl, 2010). In relations-oriented behavior effective managers were also more supportive and helpful with subordinates (Yukl, 2010, p. 58). They would listen to subordinates issues and be willing to pay attention to their ideas. Cerberus Capital Management attained Chrysler LLC from Dailmer in 2007 and did not pay attention to this effective behavior. Chryslers dealers really wanted Wolfgang Bernhard as the new CEO and he would have revitalized them to sell more cars than when they worked under Dailmer. However, due to Cerberus following their own ideas and not listening, they chose Bob Nardelli (Wallace, 2009). Another contribution to the failure of Chrysler LLC is possibly the Job satisfaction rate of the dealers for Chrysler. Between both Dailmer and Cerberus overloaded the lowest aspects of Job satisfaction (Robbins Judge, 2011). Wallace (2009) stated in the article about how Dailmer combined different Chrysler brands into one dealership. This created stress because dealers were now selling Dodge Avengers and Chrysler Sebrings off the same lot. The stress is the fact they are the exact same car, Just different tags and luxury packages. The same type of stress is there when it comes to the Chrysler 300 and the Dodge Charger. Cerberus added to the stress when they pushed Chrysler dealers to order more and more unwanted cars (Wallace, 2009). Cerberus may have thought having a larger inventory on a dealerships lot would help push the dealers to sell more vehicles or something of that nature. However, Dailmer had already made them have too many unwanted cars plus they were ealing with the added stress of having multiple brands on one lot.